Maanta qof kastaa wuxuu heli karaa sawirka xamaaratada waaweyn ee dhulka ku noolaa malaayiin sano ka hor: dinosaurs. Laakiin sidee buu saynisku ku yimid inuu si sax ah u qeexo titan-tan? Intee in le'eg ayay tilmaantan yihiin kuwo sax ah? Jawaabaha su'aalahan waxaa bixiya fossils dinosaur, kuwaas oo asal ahaan ah hadhaagii noolaha.
Asal ahaan erayga "fossils" waa Latin "fossilis", oo loo tarjumay macneheedu "la qoday". Hadhaagii la qoday ee xayawaankii hore waxa lagu kaydiyaa dhagaxyada sedimentary. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka koobankeeda waxaa saameeya iftiinka iyo isbeddellada xooggan ama qallafsanaanta. Sayniska u xilsaaran barashada fossils waxaa loo yaqaan Paleontology. Tan dhexdeeda, waxaa jira cilmiyo gaar ah oo kala duwan: paleobiology waxay daraaseysaa noole taariikhi ka hor, baayooloji wuxuu daraaseeyaa waqtigii nooluhu noolaayeen, iyo taphonomy waxay ka hadashaa hababka ku lug leh fossilization.
noocyada fossils
Noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo ah fossils ayaa la yaqaan maanta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn waa stromatolites. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Fossils ugu caansan waa qaybo ka mid ah snails, lafaha ama ammonoidea oo dhagax noqday. Qaar badan oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa hadhaa tafaasiisha asalka ah, sida meelo yar yar iyo daloolada, kuwaas oo buuxinaya macdanta waqti ka dib.
Fossils guud ahaan waxay muujinayaan kaliya qaybaha adag ee noolaha, sida qolof, lafo ama jirrid geed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, unugyada jilicsan ayaa noqon kara fossilized haddii xayawaanka ama dhirta lagu aasay nooc gaar ah oo dhoobo ah oo leh heer hoose ama aan lahayn oksijiin.
[url xiriir la leh=”https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/tyrannosaurus-rex/»]
Kiisaska ugu yaabka badan ee la helay waa mammoths dhogor leh. Muunado dhammaystiran oo naasleydan taariikhda ka hor ah ayaa laga helay ciidda barafaysan. Intaa waxaa dheer, hilibka kuwan ayaa ahaa mid aad u barafoobay oo la odhan karo waa la cuni karaa 20 kun oo sano ka dib. Qalfoofkii ugu dambeeyay waxaa loo arkaa inay ka tirsan yihiin noole dhulka degganaa xilligii barafka ee u dambeeyay, qiyaastii 13 oo sano ka hor. Hadhaaga waayihii danbe, sida Neolithic iyo qarniyadii birta, waxa loo yaqaan subfossils.
iconfossils
Ichnofossils waxay ka tirsan yihiin daraasadda Paleoichnology. Kuwani waa hadhaaga raad-raacyo, buulal, ukun, dhigaal iyo noocyo kale oo aragtiyo ah. Iyaga oo leh astaamo u gaar ah, waxaa loo kala saari karaa parataxa: ichnospecies iyo ichnogenus. Parataxa waa kooxaynta raadadka fosil iyadoo loo eegayo sifooyinka laga yaabo inay wadaagaan, sida qaab-dhismeedka, shaqeynta, ama cabbirka, iyo kuwa kale. Haddaba, waxaa suurtogal ah in noolaha ku jira fosilka loo kala saaro koox bayooloji sare ama taxon.
Waxaa jira dhowr tafsiir oo ku saabsan ichnofossils:
- Ethological: Waxay mas'uul ka tahay barashada waxa noqon kara dabeecadda noolaha.
- Phylogenetics: Waxay mas'uul ka tahay parataxa waxayna go'aamisaa nooca noolaha.
- Taphonomics: Barashada booska asalka ah ee noolaha iyo hababka taphonomic ee uu ku soo maray.
- Paleoecological: Tan waxaa lagu daraaseeyaa iyada oo loo marayo set of ichnofossils ee laga helay isla meel.
- Sedimentology: Waxay falanqaysaa samaynta iyo xaaladaha deegaanka ee laga yaabo inay soo gaadhay.
[url xiriir la leh=”https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/iguanodon/»]
Gudaha Dinosaur fossils, natiijooyinka buulasha iyo ukunta waxay ahaayeen daahfur weyn. Mahadsanid iyaga, Cilmi-baarayaasha paleontologists waxay awoodeen inay ogaadaan dinosauryada ku noolaa lo'da, kuwaas oo aan haysan, iyo inta yar ee ay yeelan karaan.
microfossils
Microfossils waa dhammaan kuwa aad u yar oo aan lagu baran karin isha aadanaha. Waxaa jira laba siyaabood oo lagu kala saaro hadhaaga yaryar ee prokaryotes iyo eukaryotes. Guud ahaan, xajmiga prokaryotes waa ka yar yahay kan eukaryotes. Sidoo kale, eukaryotes waxay u muuqdaan inay leeyihiin qaabab aad u adag, maadaama ay leeyihiin cytoskeleton.
xabagta fosil
Resin fosil, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan amber, ayaa laga helay adduunka oo dhan. Waa xabuub laga soo saaray geedo jiray malaayiin sano ka hor. Amber wuxuu u eg yahay dhagax jaalle ah oo ku haya gudaha gudaha. Caadi ahaan kuwani waa xayawaan yaryar, sida cayayaanka, kuwaas oo mar ku xannibnaa xabagta.
Noocan ah fosilku wuxuu u ekaan doonaa mid la yaqaan dadka badankiisa, maadaama ay door gaar ah ku leedahay saga "Jurassic Park". Sheekooyinka iyo filimada labadaba, kaneecada ku xayiran amber ayaa ah isha DNA-da si ay u abuurto dinosaurs. Ka dib waxaan ka hadli doonaa habkan looga soo saaro DNA-da lafaha.
pseudofossils
Iyadoo loo marayo habab geological kala duwan, qaababka nooluhu waxay noqdeen kuwo muuqda sida qaababka dhagaxyada, loo yaqaan pseudofossils. Hadhaagani way fududahay in si khaldan loo fasiro waxayna ka keeneen waxoogaa muran ah aduunka paleontology. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira qaar si wanaagsan loo xafiday oo ku filan si loo arko qaab-dhismeedyada jirka oo cad ee noolaha. Tusaale ahaan tan waxaa ah lafaha dinosaurs-badeedka sida ammonite, kaas oo ka muuqda sawirka kore.
noole fosil
Ereygan aan rasmiga ahayn waxa loo adeegsaday tixraac noolaha oo si dhow ugu shabbahay noocyada dabar go'ay. Tusaale ahaan kiiskan waa Lingula, oo ah brachiopod maanta jira, laakiin fosskiisu weli taarikhda ka yahay Cenozoic. Coelacanth waa tusaale kale. Kalluunkan ayaa sanadkii 1938-dii laga helay xeebaha Afrika, xilligaasoo loo maleynayay in uu dabar go’ay 70 milyan oo sano ka hor.
Fossils leh DNA
Cilmi-baadhis dhawaan la sameeyay ayaa taas tilmaamaysa waxaa suurtogal ah in la soo saaro raadadka DNA-da ee laga helo lafaha oo ku xooji PCR. Ilaa hadda, tijaabooyin hore ayaa lagu sameeyay taxanaha DNA-ga ee mammoths, Neanderthals, dhir kala duwan iyo bakteeriyada. Isticmaalka DNA-da fosil, xiriirka phylogenetic ee ka dhexeeya canshuuraha kala duwan iyo heerarkooda isbeddelka ayaa la go'aamin karaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, muranka ayaa weli ku saabsan isku halaynta habraacyada la isticmaalay.
Sidaan horey u soo aragnay oo aan ku akhrinay sheekada "Jurassic Park", waxay ka soo saaraan DNA-da dinosaurs-ka kaneecada dhiigga jaqaya oo ku xayiran xabagta geed malaayiin sano ka hor. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkani maaha mid shaqayn kara, ugu yaraan ujeedada ay u soo jeedinayaan saga. Saynis yahanadu waxa ay ku guulaysteen in ay dhiiga ka soo saaraan xasharaadka laftoodu ku go’doonsan cambarka, ee aanay ka soo saarin xayawaanka kale.
[url xiriir la leh=”https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/mammoth/»]
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira habab kale oo soo saarid, sida crystals lafaha. Mararka qaarkood crystals ayaa ka sameysma lafaha. Kiristaalo-yadani waxa laga yaabaa inay ku jiraan DNA-da ay khubaradu sheegeen inay xaaladdoodu aad u wanaagsan tahay. Ugu dambayntii, waxa hadhay in la xuso soo saarista tooska ah ee fosilka. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano Argentine, DNA-da ayaa ku sii jira haraaga, xitaa malaayiin sano ka dib. Sidaa darteed, waa inay ahaataa mid suurtogal ah in laga soo saaro shaybaar DNA ah oo laga soo saaro lafaha dinosaurka.
Muhiimadda ay fossils ee sayniska
Marka laga reebo paleology, fossils ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah qaybaha kale, sida bayoolaji koray ama juquraafiga. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo macluumaadka aan maanta ku hayno horumarinta noocyada, lakabyada dhulku waxay noqon karaan kuwo taariikhaysan iyadoo loo eegayo heerka ilaalinta iyo kooxda taxonomic ee ay ka tirsan yihiin fossils. Thanks to kuwan hadhaaga taariikhiga ah, waxaa suurtagashay in la go'aamiyo inta badan cutubyada iyo qaybaha miisaannada taariikhiga ah ee loo isticmaalo istratigraphy. Ka sokow, Fossils waxay bixiyaan macluumaadka ku saabsan horumarka dhagaxyada.
Cilmi-baarista fosilku way sii socotaa, mar kasta oo leh farsamooyin falanqayn oo casri ah. Kuwani waxay keeni karaan indho-indhayn cusub oo sababa in khubaradu dib uga fikiraan aragtiyihii hore iyo mala awaalladii hore.
Fossils ugu muhiimsan ee dinosaur
Waxa jira dhowr fossils dinosaur ah oo calaamadeeyay paleontology. Waxaa ka mid ah fosilka Megalosaurus. Waxay ahayd fosilkii ugu horreeyay ee la helo sannadkii 1676, sidaas darteed, kii ugu horreeyay ee loo aqoonsado dinosaur. Markii hore daah-furayaashu waxay u maleeyeen inay yihiin lafo aad u weyn. Sannadkii 1824-kii, William Buckland waxa uu helay daanka hoose, dhawr laf dhabarta iyo hadhaagii kale oo aan hubanti ka soo bixin hal qof, balse meesha ka saaray aragtida bini-aadmiga weyn, isla markaana keenay magaca Dinosaurs.
Sue lagama waayo mid ka mid ah fossils dinosauryada ugu muhiimsan. Waa fossilkii ugu weynaa uguna dhammaystiran Tyrannosaurus Rex weligii la helay. Marka laga reebo in la helay 90% lafaha shakhsiga ah. Waa mid ka mid ah qalfoofka ugu wanaagsan ee la ilaaliyo. Waxaa magaceeda ku leh soo-saareheeda: Sue Hendrickson. Waxa uu helay lafo ka mid ah muunaddan sannadkii 1990-kii. Waxa la qiyaasayaa in uu gaadhay cabbirkii ugu badnaa isaga oo 19 jir ah oo uu ku dhintay da’da 28 jir. Hadhaaga Tyrannosaurs kale oo yaryar Rex ayaa laga helay isla dhagaxa laga qodo. Helitaankan ayaa horseeday in loo maleeyo in hilibkan weyni uu ku noolaa xoolo.
[url xiriir la leh=”https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/extincion-de-los-dinosaurs/»]
Ugu dambeyntii waxay ku sii jirtaa in la muujiyo ka labaad ee lafo dinosaur ah in la ogaado: The Iguanodon. Waxaa loogu magac daray Gideon Mantell oo macnaheedu yahay "Iguana ilig". Dhirtan qalfoofka weyni waxay ku socon kartaa afar lugood ama labadiisa lugood ee dambe. Marka lagu daro dabada, waxay gaari kartaa dhererka 13 mitir.
Guntii iyo gabagabadii, waxa aynu odhan karnaa waxa mahad iska leh fossils-ka aynu ka hayno xog badan oo ku saabsan noolahaan taariikhda ka hor. Waxay naga caawiyeen inaan si wanaagsan u fahanno waayaha inaga dambeeya, lakabyada dhulka iyo horumarka deegaanka, xoolaha iyo deegaanka ee dunidani soo martay. Waxa ugu xiisaha badan ayaa sii wadi doona, inkastoo wax kasta, inta badan noocyada hore ee jiray aan la garanayn, sababta keentay in aan u maleyno in ay jiri doonaan daahfurnaan mustaqbalka. Aqoonteenii hore weli may dhamaan.